Πρόσφατα, 55 Ακαδημαικοί  τοποθετήθηκαν δημόσια, υποστηρίζοντας την αναδοχή και την υιοθεσία παιδιών από ομόφυλα ζευγάρια. Αναφέρουν ότι η τοποθέτησή τους«βασίζεται αυστηρά στην επιστημονική βιβλιογραφία, που καταλήγει στο ξεκάθαρο συμπέρασμα ότι ο σεξουαλικός προσανατολισμός των γονέων δεν έχει μετρήσιμες επιπτώσεις  στην ποιότητα των σχέσεων γονέα-παιδιού, στην ψυχική υγεία των παιδιών ή στην κοινωνική τους προσαρμογή. Δεν έχουν βρεθεί διαφορές αναφορικά με κρίσιμους παράγοντες, όπως η αυτοεκτίμηση, το άγχος, η κατάθλιψη και τα προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς».

 

  Αναφέρουν ακόμα ότι «εκατοντάδες μελέτες που διεξήχθησαν τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, έχουν οδηγήσει σε συμφωνία σε ό,τι αφορά τους παράγοντες που σχετίζονται με την υγιή προσαρμογή των παιδιών και των εφήβων. Οι τρεις πιο σημαντικοί είναι: (1) η ποιότητα των σχέσεων γονέα-παιδιού, (2) η ποιότητα των σχέσεων των σημαντικών ενηλίκων στη ζωή του παιδιού ή του εφήβου (για παράδειγμα οι σχέσεις ανάμεσα στους γονείς) και (3) οι οικονομικοί και άλλοι πόροι που είναι στη διάθεση του παιδιού ή του εφήβου. Οι παράγοντες αυτοί φαίνεται να είναι οι ίδιοι ανεξάρτητα από τον σεξουαλικό προσανατολισμό των γονέων» και ότι  «η εμπειρική έρευνα δεν υποστηρίζει την αντίληψη ότι η ανατροφή από ομοφυλόφιλο γονέα επηρεάζει την ανάπτυξη της ταυτότητας φύλου του παιδιού, ενώ δεν υπάρχουν εμπειρικά δεδομένα ότι η παρουσία τόσο του αντρικού όσο και του γυναικείου προτύπου στο σπίτι προάγει την προσαρμογή και ευεξία παιδιών και  εφήβων».  

 Τι απαντούμε:

Πιστεύουμε  ότι η επιστήμη μπορεί να δώσει χρήσιμες πληροφορίες στην δημόσια συζήτηση και στον σχεδιασμό πολιτικών, αρκεί να στηρίζεται σε υψηλής ποιότητας έρευνες και να υποστηρίζει το δικαίωμα των παιδιών στην υγιή και απρόσκοπτη ανάπτυξη της προσωπικότητας και του δυναμικού τους.

Ασφαλώς,  το ότι πολλοί παράγοντες έχουν αποδειχθεί επωφελείς, (όπως η ποιότητα των σχέσεων γονέα-παιδιού,  η ποιότητα των σχέσεων των σημαντικών ενηλίκων στη ζωή του παιδιού  και οι οικονομικοί/άλλοι πόροι που είναι στη διάθεση του παιδιού)  δεν αποκλείει την πιθανότητα κάποιο άλλοι παράγοντες να είναι επιβλαβείς.

Με όλο τον σεβασμό στις ακαδημαικές περγαμηνές των 55 υπογραφόντων, θεωρούμε χρήσιμη μια πιο προσεκτική ματιά στην επιστημονική βιβλιογραφία που παραθέτουν.

(Ζητούμε συγνώμη για την σταδιακή παρουσίαση των άρθρων, αλλά είμαστε πάρα πολύ λιγότεροι από 55)

1. Farr, R. H. (2017). Does parental sexual orientation matter? A longitudinal follow-up of adoptive families with school-age children. Developmental Psychology, 53(2), 252-264

Οι συμμετέχοντες  στην έρευνα ήταν 106 ζευγάρια (56 ομόφυλα και 50 ετερόφυλα) Η έρευνα έγινε σε δύο χρονικές στιγμές, όταν τα υιοθετημένα παιδιά ήταν σε προσχολική ηλικία (1,5-5 ετών) και 5 χρόνια αργότερα.

Εξετάζονται τρείς παράμετροι και η σχέση μεταξύ τους: 1 ) γονεικό στρές, 2) προσαρμογή και ικανοποίηση μεταξύ του ζευγαριού,  3) προβλήματα συμπεριφοράς του παιδιού

Ο συγγραφέας τελικά συμπεραίνει  ότι η  προσαρμογή μεταξύ παιδιών γονέων, ζευγαριών και η λειτουργία της οικογένειας  δεν διέφεραν μεταξύ ομόφυλων και ετερόφυλων ζευγαριών. Όμως υπάρχουν πολλοί περιορισμοί στην συγκεκριμμένη έρευνα (αρκετούς από τους οποίους αναγνωρίζει και ο ίδιος ο συγγραφέας), που δεν επιτρέπουν την γενίκευση του αποτελέσματος της μελέτης:

• Οι γονείς που συμμετείχαν αποτελούν επιλεγμένο και ομοιογενές  δείγμα  (άτομα υψηλού κοινωνικο-οικονομικού επιπέδου, που έκαναν  ιδιωτικές υιοθεσίες νεογέννητων υγιών βρεφών και επέλεξαν αυτοβούλως να συμμετάσχουν στην έρευνα).  Ως εκ τούτου το δείγμα των οικογενειών δεν είναι ούτε τυχαίο ούτε αντιπροσωπευτικό, καθώς η συνήθης οδός αναδοχών και υιοθεσιών είναι μέσω δημοσίων  κοινωνικών υπηρεσιών, και τα παιδιά είναι μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας και συχνά έχουν βιώσει  ψυχικά τραύματα ή  παρουσιάζουν  άλλα προβλήματα υγείας
• Η αξιολόγηση του γονεικού στρές και της προσαρμογής/ικανοποίησης του ζευγαριού έγινε μέσω αυτοσυμπληρούμενων ερωτηματολογίων (από τα ίδια τα ζευγάρια). Αυτό πολύ πιθανά σημαίνει ότι υπάρχει σφάλμα προς την κατεύθυνση  υπερβολικά θετικής απεικόνισης της οικογένειας.
• Η αξιολόγηση της συμπεριφοράς των παιδιών βασίστηκε επίσης στις αναφορές (μέσω αυτοσυμπληρούμενων ερωτηματολογίων) των θετών γονέων. Δεν υπάρχει  έκφραση άποψης από τα παιδιά, ούτε  εκτίμηση από ειδικό ψυχικής υγείας

Υπάρχουν επί πλέον 5 σημαντικοί  παράγοντες συγχύσεως, τους οποίους ούτε ελέγχει,  ούτε αναφέρει ο συγγραφέας:

• Δεν αναφέρεται το φύλο του παιδιού σε σχέση με το φύλο του ομόφυλου ζευγαριού
• Δεν αναφέρεται εάν συμμετείχε τρίτο άτομο στην ανατροφή (πχ νταντά σε ζευγάρι ομοφυλόφιλων ανδρών, πολύ πιθανή εκδοχή δεδομένου του υψηλού κοινωνικο-οικονομικού επιπέδου)
• Δεν αναφέρεται το σχολικό πλαίσιο φοίτησης (πχ δημόσιο σχολείο, ιδιωτικό σχολείο, εκπαίδευση στο σπίτι)
• Αναφέρεται ότι 5 χρόνια μετά την πρώτη αξιολόγηση, το 63,5% των ζευγαριών είχε αποκτήσει και άλλα παιδιά ( 51% των ζευγαριών είχε δύο παιδιά, 10.4% τρία  παιδιά,  2,1% τέσσερα παιδιά). Δεν υπάρχουν πληροφορίες ως προς το ποιά ζευγάρια απέκτησαν και άλλα παιδιά, αν και ο μεγαλύτερος αριθμός παιδιών επηρεάζει τις διερευνώμενες παραμέτρους.
• Στην δεύτερη φάση αποχώρησε από την έρευνα το 18% των ετερόφυλων ζευγαριών και μάλιστα αυτά που είχαν τα χαμηλότερα επίπεδα γονεικού στρες,  άρα και παιδιά  με λιγότερα προβλήματα. Αντίστοιχα αποχώρησε μόνο  το 1,7% των ομόφυλων ζευγαριών. Επομένως τα ομόφυλα ζευγάρια συγκρίθηκαν με τον εναπομείναντα, πιο «προβληματικό» πληθυσμό των ετερόφυλων ζευγαριών.

Βάσει των ανωτέρω, θεωρούμε ότι η συγκεκριμμένη έρευνα δεν μπορεί να υποστηρίξει την προώθηση πρακτικών, πολιτικών και νόμων  σχετικά με την αναδοχή και υιοθεσία παιδιών από ομόφυλα ζευγάρια.

Κ. Προκοπάκη, Ψυχίατρος Παιδιών και Εφήβων

(sexualikiygeia)

Ανασκόπηση και κριτική της έρευνας για την Υιοθεσία και γονεικότητα στα ομόφυλα ζευγάρια.

Είναι γνωστή η τακτική του υπέρμαχων του ομοφυλοφιλικού κινήματος να στηρίζονται σε αμφίβολης επιστημονικής ορθότητας ευρήματα, προκειμένου να πείσουν για τα μέτρα που θέλουν να επιβάλουν στην κοινωνία.

 

Το ίδιο έγινε και στο προσφάτως ψηφισθέν νομοσχέδιο περί αναδοχής τέκνων, όπου παρουσιάστηκε στην Ελληνική Βουλή κείμενο 55 ακαδημαϊκών, που ισχυρίστηκαν ότι η επιστημονική βιβλιογραφία «καταλήγει στο ξεκάθαρο συμπέρασμα ότι ο σεξουαλικός προσανατολισμός των γονέων δεν έχει μετρήσιμες επιπτώσεις στην ποιότητα των σχέσεων γονέα-παιδιού».

Στηρίχθηκαν όμως σε ξένη έρευνα μη αντιπροσωπευτικού δείγματος (άτομα υψηλού κοινωνικού status που έκαναν ιδιωτικές υιοθεσίες, ενώ στην Ελλάδα οι αναδοχές γίνονται συνήθως από δημόσιες κοινωνικές υπηρεσίες), δεν ανέφεραν την πιθανή ύπαρξη άλλου φύλου στη διαπαιδαγώγηση του παιδιού (π.χ. νταντάς, που συνηθίζεται στις πλούσιες οικογένειες), ενώ η αξιολόγηση για την ύπαρξη προβλημάτων δεν έγινε από ειδικούς ψυχικής υγείας, όπως θα περίμενε κανείς, αλλά… από τους ίδιους τους ομόφυλους ή ετερόφυλους γονείς, που φυσικά έχουν κάθε λόγο να υποστηρίζουν ότι δεν υπάρχουν προβλήματα στις οικογένειές τους!

…………………………………….

A Review and Critique of Research on Same-Sex Parenting and Adoption

Psychol Rep.  2016; 119(3):641-760 (ISSN: 1558-691X)

Περίληψη 

Είναι η έκβαση των παιδιών με γονείς ομοφυλόφιλους άντρες, λεσβίες ή αμφιφυλόφιλους,  η ίδια με εκείνη των ετεροφυλόφιλων γονέων; Το αμφιλεγόμενο αυτό ζήτημα εξετάζεται με λεπτομερή ανασκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας των κοινωνικών επιστημών,  σε τρία μέρη: (1) σταθερότητα των σχέσεων γονέων του ίδιου φύλου, (2) έκβαση των παιδιών και (3) αποτελέσματα παιδιών σε υιοθεσία από γονείς του ιδίου φύλου.

(1) Η αστάθεια των σχέσεων φαίνεται να είναι υψηλότερη μεταξύ των γονεικών ζευγαριών ομοφυλοφίλων και λεσβιών, και μπορεί να αποτελέσει βασικό μεσολαβητικό παράγοντα,  που επηρεάζει την έκβαση των παιδιών.

(2) Όσον αφορά το μέρος 2, ενώ οι γονικές αυτο-αναφορές συνήθως παρουσιάζουν λίγες σημαντικές διαφορές (μεταξύ ομοφυλόφιλων και ετεροφυλόφιλων οικογενειών), το κοινωνικά επιθυμητό  ή σφάλματα λόγω μεροληπτικής  αυτο-παρουσίασης (των γονέων) μπορεί να αποτελέσουν  συγχυτικό παράγοντα.

(3) Ενώ ορισμένοι ερευνητές τείνουν να καταλήξουν στο συμπέρασμα ότι δεν υπάρχουν διαφορές στην έκβαση των παιδιών, ως συνάρτηση του σεξουαλικού προσανατολισμού των γονέων, τα συμπεράσματα αυτά φαίνονται πρόωρα υπό το πρίσμα πιο πρόσφατων δεδομένων στα οποία έχουν παρατηρηθεί κάποια διαφορετικά αποτελέσματα σε μερικές μελέτες.

Ανασκοπήθηκαν οι μελέτες οι οποίες διεξήχθησαν τα τελευταία 10 χρόνια και   συνέκριναν την έκβαση σε παιδιά ομοφυλόφιλων και ετεροφυλόφιλων γονέων. Διαπιστώθηκαν πολυάριθμοι μεθοδολογικοί περιορισμοί (προβλήματα), που κάνουν πολύ δύσκολη την ακριβή εκτίμηση της επίδρασης του σεξουαλικού προσανατολισμού των γονέων, στις οικογένειες που έχουν υιοθετήσει παιδιά.

 Λόγω προβλημάτων στην επιλογή του δείγματος (του εξεταζόμενου πληθυσμού) στις έρευνες,  εξακολουθούμε να γνωρίζουμε ελάχιστα για τη λειτουργία της οικογένειας στις θετές οικογενειών με ομοφυλόφιλους γονείς και μέτρια ή χαμηλά εισοδήματα, με περισσότερα παιδιά ή  παιδιά μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας συμπεριλαμβανομένων εφήβων, ή για το πως αλλάζει η λειτουργία της οικογένειας  με την πάροδο του χρόνου.

Παραμένει η ανάγκη για έρευνα υψηλής ποιότητας για τις οικογένειες ομοφυλοφίλων, ιδιαίτερα για τις οικογένειες με ομοφυλόφιλους πατέρες και με χαμηλότερο εισόδημα

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